1
2
  -2024
.. 

[   ( 1000-. 1707)]
: 3     : 100
:             
-
1.           
2.           
-
3.          
4.     -     
-
5.       -      
6.         
2
2
 -
7.          
8.              ?
  -2024
..  

[   ( 1000-. 1707)]
: 3     : 100
:             
-
1.           
:       
             
,  ,
,             , 
    ,       '      

            :
1.     
                , 
              
3
2
,          ,    
   '    
:
   (1192)            
             ,   
           ,     

2.      
                   
            ,        
  ,      
,    ,      '     ,  
      ,             
 
:
                 
         ,     
      
3.       
  -     ,   -        
   ,              
     
 ,                
                
:
    ,             

     ,        
4.    
   ,       ,    -
                 
 
,     ,   '   ,        
            
4
2
5.     
            ,    
                  
      ,     '    

   ,        '  
         - '  
6.    
   ,            
             '  

  ,       
      
     '   
:

   (1192)  ,    --      ,
         

7.    
              
             
 
               
 
              '  
 
8.     
               
           ,  
           

:
                 
     
9.    
                  
         
5
2
 ,       ,        
            


        ,     , , 
             ,  
  ,             
         
,     
,                
2.           
:       
                
 ,   (12661287)        
              
  '              , 

       

     
          ,        '
        ''  ' '    
    ,              
  1266       ,   '      

   
   ,          :
1.  -    ,   '',      
     
2.  -        ,      

 
3.   -  ,     ,     
             
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2
4.  -           
 ,      
          ,     
     
           |
1.     (  )
         
,        
'   '       ,     
  ,       
       
          ,      
      
      '' (   )  ''
(   )   
 ,                
  
2.    
            '      
    
 '' ( )              
             
              
       
   ,           
3.        
                 
   :
         
     -  '   
    '              
    
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2
          '      
4.     
             
 -        
         '   ,  

          
              
    ,      ,      

5.   
   ,   ,   ,         
             
  ,     ,      
       ,       
 
 ,          ,   
                  

6.  
          
       '  
       '    
              ' - 
     
             

    
         
1.  -     ,       
   
8
2
2.  -      ,    

3.     -        

4.  -         ,    
 
    
    ,      :
           ,   

   ,           
  ,   ,     

             
  ,       ,    
           ,    
                
 ,         '      
 ,         , 
      
        
-
3.          
:   
  (13361646)             
           ,     
               
       ,        
           :
1.  -  
9
2
            
               
,            
  ,   ,         
2.  
                
  ,     -  '      
     (),   ( ),   
 
3.  
           
           ,     
               
      
   ,      
4.    
   ()     (  )   
  ',          
    -  ,         
       
5.  
          
   ,  ,        
      ,    ()  
        
                 
     
6.  
         
10
2
     '    ,       

          ,   '     
 
      ,           
7.  
   ,      
-            
       ,   , ,    
     
8.    
       
    , ,     
               
,                
  
9.    
               
     
,          
     '  ,           
10.     
  ,          
       ,    
             

         300        
           
 ,            
          ,       
  
11
2
4.     -     
:      
  ,  1325  1351    '  ,   
              
  ,       ,        
               
  
1.        (1327)
              (
 )              
  :
    :
        ,  
            
   :          ,  
     
,       :
   ,   , ,     ,   
        ,       
       
     
      ,         ,   
  -  
2.     (       )
             -       
   :
  :    ,         
     
  :                
    
,        :
          ,       
 ,        
    
 ,         
12
2
 ,              ,   
   
3.     
  (       )        
               
,      
:
 ,              
         ,     
 
       ,      ,  
      
4.     (  )
       ,        
         
     --      
    ( )     ,     
             
 ,      
:
      
  ,    
    
      
  ,       
5.      
               
,  (  )         
          '     
,      ,         
  
             
:     
                 ,
     '   
:
13
2
        '  

      ,      - 
             
   ,          
         '        
       ,        
-
5.       -      
:      
         ,         
         1540  1545       
,              
,    
         ,   ,   , 
      '  
1.  
              "" 
       ""    ,    
         :
 ( ):    
 ( ):   
 ():  
-- ( ):    
 (   ):  '     
          ,      
   
2.  
                
             :
              
14
2
      '     ,     
   
       ,           
   ()             
          
    ,        ()   
           
3.  
           ,        
           :
            
        ()    
   ( )      
           
     '         
         ,        
  
4.   
               :
             
   ,       
      
 '     ,       
            
5.     
                   
         :
   (.. )  ,   (  )  (
 )             
  
15
2
    ,          
20-30  '  ( )  
        -   
            
      ,      
6.   
           ,  :
 '     ,         
 '              
""                
   -         
  
    ,  -   
           
7.    
             ,   -
   
      :
           
-       
          
            

         '       , 
 ,  ,   ,   ,    
              
               
    ,             
      
16
2
6.         
:1556  1605   '     ,       
,                , 
       -         
                
  
   ,            
     ,  ,   ,     
   , -           ,
           
       
          1564      
    - (, ,   ) '     
   ,   - '         
    
 ,       ,   '       
'        -      
        
   
       ,       
        ( )          
   ,           
   ,     -        
                  
   
  -  
       '        
        ,      
         ,       
    -     ,      
      
    
 -              1575 , 
     ( )         
17
2
 -  -  , ,  ,  ,      - 
   '       
 - 
,       ,    
 -               '  
,   ,  -       
-   
-   -    ,  1582  -  ( ) 
         
,       
  -    , ,  ,       
   '    :
   
   
 (   )
  (     )
     
, -    
         
      ,      
   ' 
             
   , ,           
  -    ,       
    
             ,   
     
        |
1.   :    -       
              
 
2.  - :       
 '  ,         
3.      :   ,     , 
       ,    
18
2
4.  :    -       
             

                   
'    ,           
         -       
  --    
,     
                
;         
 ,       
      
-
7.          
:       
               
        
,          
       ,      
     , 
           
      
:      
    ,        :     
  ,             
,        ,     ( )   
  ,       ,       
    
     
   1630               
      ,            -
             ,     
          ,        
     
19
2
      
             '  
  
  ,             
              ,     
     
 ' 
             
  '        ,  :
  (1645): 15         
,    :          
   ,           
  '     
   
         1659 ,    , 
     ,          , "
" ( )              
    ,     '   ,       

  
-     ,  ,         1666
,         ,      
           ,     
,                 
     
    
1674 ,                
      , 
          
    
            
 
  
      
,          , 
    '          :
 :             
20
2
 :           
    
 :  ,          

           
   :     ,      
      
    
  1680    ,            
     
,          
  -,             
 

        ,        
,         ,     
     (-)        
        ,           
    
       ,    
           
8.              ?
:     
              
      ,          
        ""       ,
    '          '  
                 
     (1556-1605)    18
        
     ,    (1605-1627)   (1658-1707) 
      
    
1.   :
21
2
o        ()   ,    
   
o        :
 (  ):       
 
 ( ):  
      (
' )   
o      ,     
2.   :
o  ,   33    ,   ,    3
    :
10  400   
500  2,500   
3,000  10,000   
o     10,000 ,        

3.  :
o    '  
      ( ) 
         
o          '    
o ,      '   
, 
  
         
4.   :
o           
o      
 ,   (), ,  
     
o            
5.   :
o     '            '
      
22
2
o      '   ,   ,  
    
6.  :
o          , 
  
         
o     - '         
 
   ()
             
1.   

     '      ,   
    
            
 
2.   
             
    ,         

3.     
             
          ,   
      
4.   - 
       ,      
      '     ,   

      
5.   

       ,       
 
 
            
23
2
    ()
   ,            
  
1.   
    -        
             
  
2.    
       ,         
  

    
 ,         

3.   

       ,    '  
  
          ,     
4. -    
      ,       
 
       

        , 
      
  
5.     
  ,    ,     
        
,      

    ,         ,   
  

               
 ,           ,   ,
24
2
,     '        
   18
 ,            
   ,           
  200             
       ,        

 
:            ( )      
         , 
         